| 8 |
Ovid#Metamorphoses? |
Ovid's Metamorphoses |
| 14 |
Augustus#Death? |
Death of Augustus |
| 15 |
Manilius#Astronomica? |
Manilius's Astronomica |
| 23 |
Strabo#Geography? |
Strabo's Geography |
| 29 |
Jesus#Death? |
Jesus crucified between 29-30 CE |
| 35 |
Paul#Conversion? |
Paul of Tarsus converted on road to Damascus |
| 0040 |
Lost Sayings Gospel Q |
Lost Sayings Gospel Q |
| 50 |
Bible#Letters Of Paul |
Letters of Paul written between 50-60 CE |
| 64 |
Apostle Martyrs? |
Apostles Peter and Paul martyred in Rome under Nero |
| 64 |
Bible#Gospel Of Mark |
Gospel according to Mark written 64-70 CE |
| 70 |
Jewish Culture#Temple Destroyed? |
Temple in Jerusalem destroyed by Romans |
| 70 |
Bible#Gospel Of Matthew |
(70-80) Gospel of Matthew written |
| 70 |
Bible#Gospel Of Luke |
(70-80) Gospel of Luke Written |
| 90 |
Bible#Gospel Of John |
(90-100) Gospel of John Written |
| 0100 |
Gospel Of Thomas |
Gospel Of Thomas |
| 100 |
Intro To Arithmetic? |
Nicomachus's Introduction to Arithmetic |
| 100 |
Gnosticism? |
(100-200) Gnosticism flourishes |
| 109 |
Tacitus Historiae? |
Tacitus Historiae published |
| 110 |
Plutarch#Lives? |
Plutarch writes Parallel Lives, comparative biographies of prominent Greeks and Romans |
| 120 |
Epictetus? |
Stoic Moralist |
| 140 |
Ptolemy? |
Ptolemy's Almagest and Tetrabiblos codify classical astronomy and astrology |
| 150 |
Justin Martyr? |
Justin Martyr's early synthesis of Christianity and Platonism |
| 161 |
Marcus Aurelius? |
Marcus Aurelius becomes emperor |
| 170 |
Galen#Medicine? |
Galen advances the science of medicine |
| 175 |
Bible#New Testament Canonized |
Earliest extant authoritative canon of New Testament |
| 190 |
Sextus Empiricus? |
summarizes classical Skepticism |
| 200 |
Mayan Civilization Peaks |
Mayan Civilization Peaks in the Classical Period (200-900 CE) |
| 200 |
Corpus Hermeticum? |
Corpus Hermeticum compiled in Alexandeia (approx.) |
| 220 |
Three Kingdoms Dynasty |
Three Kingdoms Dynasty (220-265 CE), rise of Buddhism |
| 235 |
Barbarian Invasion? |
(235-285 CE) Barbarian invasions into Roman Empire. Beginning of severe inflation, spread of plague, depopulation |
| 248 |
Origen#Contra Celsum? |
Origen's Contra Celsum defends Christianity against pagan intellectuals |
| 250 |
Christian Persecutions? |
Persecutions of Christians by emperors Decius and Valerian (250-260 CE) |
| 265 |
Neoplatonism? |
Plotinus writing and teaching in Rome, emergence of Neoplatonism |
| 301 |
Plotinus#Enneads? |
Plotinus's Enneads compiled by Porphyry |
| 312 |
Constantine#Conversion? |
Conversion of Constantine to Christianity |
| 313 |
Edict Of Milan? |
Edict of Milan establishes religious toleration for Christianity in Roman Empire |
| 324 |
Eusebius#History? |
Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, first history of Christian Church |
| 325 |
Council Of Nicaea |
Council of Nicaea convened by Constantine establishes the first orthodox Christian doctrine |
| 330 |
Constantinople Capitol? |
Contantine moves imperial capitol to Constantinople |
| 354 |
Augustine#Conversion? |
(354-430 CE) Augustine converted to Christianity on 386 CE |
| 370 |
Huns Invade? |
(370-453 CE) Huns begin a massive invasion of Europe |
| 382 |
Bible#Latin Vulgate |
Jerome begins translation of Bible into Latin |
| 400 |
Augustine#Confessions? |
Augustine publishes Confessions |
| 413 |
City Of God |
Augustine publishes City of God (413-427 CE) |
| 450 |
Start Of Middle Ages? |
Start of Middle Ages or "Medieval Period" |
| 476 |
Rome Falls? |
End of the Roman Empire the West |
| 570 |
Mohammed Born |
The Prophet Mohammed of Islam born |
| 589 |
Sui Dynasty |
Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE), Grand Canal? completion, Great Wall Of China reconstruction |
| 622 |
Islam Founded? |
Beginning of Islam |
| 624 |
Tang Dynasty |
Tang Dynasty (624-874 CE), Buddhism flourishes, boundaries extended to Silk Road?, golden age of literature and art. |
| 632 |
Mohammed Dies |
Mohammed Dies; Muslims take over Middle-East, attack Constantinople |
| 726 |
Iconoclastic Controversy |
Iconoclastic Controversy |
| 731 |
Christ Based Dating? |
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People popularizes the method of dating events from the birth of Christ |
| 732 |
Muslims Halted? |
Muslim forces halted in Europe by Charles Martel at Poitiers |
| 800 |
Charlemagne Crowned? |
Charlemange crowned emperor of West |
| 960 |
Song Dynasty |
Song Dynasty (960-1279) reunities China, Invention of printing Press, advanced farming techniques |
| 1000 |
Christianity Expands? |
Most of Europe under Christian Influence |
| 1054 |
East West Church Schism? |
Schism declared between western and eastern churches |
| 1077 |
Anselm#Meditation? |
Anselm's Meditation on the Reasonableness of Faith |
| 1090 |
Nominalism? |
Roscellinus teaching Nominalism |
| 1095 |
First Crusade? |
First Crusade initiated by Urban II |
| 1117 |
Abelard#Sic Et Non? |
Abelard's Sic et Non |
| 1130 |
Hugh Of Saint Victor#summa? |
Hugh of Saint Victor writes first summa |
| 1150 |
Aristotle Rediscovery? |
Aristotles Rediscovery begins in the Latin West |
| 1170 |
Hugh Of Saint Victors Summae |
Hugh of Saint-Victor's Summae : Great medieval encyclopedic treatises, marking the Scholastic Awakening? |
| 1190 |
Joachimof Fiore? |
Joachim of Fiore dev. tinitarian philosophy of history |
| 1209 |
Francis Of Assisi? |
Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan order |
| 1215 |
Magna Carta |
Signing of the Magna Carta |
| 1225 |
Thomas Aquinas#Studies? |
(1225-1274 CE) Studies under Albertus Magnus in Paris cir. 1245 |
| 1247 |
Roger Bacon? |
begins experimental research at Oxford |
| 1266 |
Thomas Aquinas#Summa Theologica? |
Aquinas's Summa Theologica (1266-1273) |
| 1279 |
Yuan Dynasty |
Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) Mongols occupy China; Grand Canal? extended; Neo Confucianism? rises |
| 1307 |
Dantes La Divina Commedia |
Dante's La Divina Commedia describes Earth-centric cosmology |
| 1309 |
Babylonian Captivity? |
Papacy moved to Avignon ("Babylonian Captivity") |
| 1319 |
Ockham#Teaching? |
Ockham teaching at Oxford |
| 1323 |
Thomas Aquinas#Canonized? |
Aquinas Canonized |
| 1330 |
Nominalism Spreads? |
Ockhams thought (nominalism) spread at Oxford and Paris (1330-1350) |
| 1335 |
First Public Clock? |
First striking public clock erected in Milan |
| 1337 |
Hundred Years War? |
Hundred Years' War between England and France (1337- ) |
| 1347 |
Black Death? |
Plague sweeps Europe (Black Death) (1347-1351) |
| 1353 |
Boccaccio#Decameron? |
Boccaccio's Decameron |
| 1368 |
Ming Dynasty |
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), corrupt Imperial rule of China, China turns inward, capitol moves to Beijing |
| 1377 |
Oresme#Moving Earth? |
Oresme's Book on the Sky and the World defends theoretical possibility of a moving Earth |
| 1378 |
Great Schism? |
Great Schism, conflict between rival popes (1378-1417) |
| 1380 |
Wycliffe Attacks Church? |
Wycliffe attacks Church abuses and orthodox doctrine |
| 1404 |
Concerning Liberal Studies? |
Vergerio's Concerning Liberal Studies, first humanist treatise on education. |
| 1415 |
Jan Hus Executed? |
Religious reformer Jan Hus burned at the stake |
| 1429 |
Joan Of Arc? |
Joan of Arc leads French against English |
| 1435 |
Albertis On Painting? |
Alberti's On Painting systematizes principles of perspective |
| 1440 |
On Learned Ignorance? |
Nicholas of Cusa's On Learned Ignorance |
| 1452 |
Leonardo Da Vinci? |
Leonardo da Vinci (1452- ) |
| 1453 |
Fall Of Byzantine Empire? |
Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, end of Byzantine Empire |
| 1455 |
Bible#Gutenberg Bible |
Gutenberg Bible produced, start of printing revolution |
| 1470 |
Ficino#Latin Plato? |
Ficino completes first Latin translation of Plato's Dialogues |
| 1473 |
Copernicus? |
(1473- ) Makes first astronomical observation in 1497 while studying in Italy |
| 1482 |
Ficino#Theological Platonica? |
Ficino's Theologica Platonica |
| 1483 |
Martin Luther? |
(1483- ) |
| 1492 |
Columbus Reaches America? |
Columbus Reaches America |
| 1497 |
Vasco De Gama Reaches India? |
Vasco de Gama reaches India |
| 1498 |
Leonardo Da Vinci#Last Supper? |
Leonardo's Last Supper |
| 1504 |
Michelangelo#David? |
Michelangelo's David |
| 1506 |
St Peters Basilica? |
Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome begun under Bramante |
| 1508 |
Erasmuss Adagia? |
Erasmus's Adagia |
| 1508 |
Michelangelo#Sistine Ceiling? |
Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling (1508-1512) |
| 1512 |
Copernicus#Heliocentric Theory? |
Copernicus's Commentariolus, first outline of heliocentric theory |
| 1516 |
Thomas More#Utopia? |
Thomas More's Utopia |
| 1517 |
Martin Luther#95 Theses? |
Luther posts 95 Theses in Wittenburg, Beginning of Reformation |
| 1519 |
Martin Luther#On Christian Liberty? |
Luther's On Christian Liberty |
| 1521 |
Martin Luther#Excommunication? |
Luther's excommunication and defiance of the imperial Diet at Worms |
| 1524 |
Erasmus#Freedom Of Will? |
Erasmus's defense of freedom of will against Luther |
| 1527 |
Paracelsus? |
Paracelsus teaching as Basel |
| 1528 |
Castiglione#Courtier? |
Castiglione's The Courtier |
| 1534 |
Bible#German Translation |
Luther completes translation of Bible into German |
| 1535 |
Ignatius Of Loyola#Spiritual Exercises? |
Ignatius of Loyola's Spiritual Exercises |
| 1536 |
Calvinism |
Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| 1540 |
Society Of Jesus? |
Society of Jesus founded by Loyola |
| 1540 |
Copernican Theory Published? |
Rheticus's Narratio Prima, first published work describing Copernican theory |
| 1542 |
Roman Inquisition? |
Establishment of Roman Inquisition |
| 1543 |
Copernicus#Publishes? |
Copernicus's De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium |
| 1543 |
Versalius#Body? |
Versalius's On the Structure of the Human Body |
| 1545 |
Council Of Trent? |
Council of Trent, start of counter reformation |
| 1557 |
Nostradamus |
Nostradamus publishes Centuries prophecies |
| 1564 |
Galileo? |
(1564- ) |
| 1564 |
William Shakespeare? |
(1564- ) |
| 1567 |
Carmelite Reform |
Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross promote Carmelite reform |
| 1571 |
Battle Of Lepanto |
Battle of Lepanto: Christians strike decisive blow against Muslims |
| 1572 |
Tycho Brahe#Super Nova? |
Tycho Brahe observes supernova |
| 1580 |
Montaigne#Essays? |
Montaigne's Essays |
| 1582 |
Gregorian Calendar |
Gregorian Calendar Adopted |
| 1584 |
Giordano Bruno#Universe? |
Bruno's On the Infinite Universe and Worlds |
| 1596 |
Descartes |
René Descartes (1596 - 1650) |
| 1596 |
Kepler#Mysterium? |
Kepler's Mysterium Cosmographicum |
| 1596 |
David Goldschmidt#Mira Variation? |
David Goldschmidt discovers that star Mira varies in brightness, showing heavens not unchanging |
| 1597 |
Bacon#Essays? |
Bacon's Essays |
| 1600 |
Giordano Bruno#Executed? |
Giordano Bruno executed for heresy by Inquisition |
| 1600 |
Gilbert#Magnet? |
Gilbert's On the Magnet |
| 1602 |
Kepler#Astrology? |
Kepler's On the More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology |
| 1605 |
Bacon#Advancement Of Learning? |
Bacon's Advancement of Learning |
| 1609 |
Kepler#Astronomia Nova? |
Kepler's Astronomia Nova, first two laws of planetary motion |
| 1610 |
Galileo#Sidereus Nuncius? |
Galileo announces telescopic discoveries in Sidereus Nuncius |
| 1611 |
Bible |
Bible: Key Events |
| 1611 |
Bible#King James |
King James translation of the Bible into English |
| 1616 |
Church Denies Copernican Theory? |
Church declares Copernican theory "False and erroneous" |
| 1618 |
Thirty Years War? |
Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) |
| 1619 |
Kepler#Harmonia Mundi? |
Kepler's Harmonia Mundi, third law of planetary motion |
| 1620 |
Bacon#Novum Organum? |
Bacon's Novum Organum |
| 1623 |
Galileo#Assayer? |
Galileo's Assayer |
| 1623 |
Boehme#Mysterium Magnum? |
Boehme's Mysterium Magnum |
| 1632 |
Galileo#Two World Systems? |
Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems |
| 1633 |
Galileo#Condemned? |
Galileo condemned by Inquisition |
| 1637 |
Descartes#Method |
Descartes's Discourse on Method |
| 1638 |
Galileo#Two New Sciences? |
Galileo's Two New Sciences |
| 1640 |
Jansenium Begins? |
Jansen's Augustinius, beginning of Jansenism in France |
| 1642 |
English Civil War? |
English Civil War, (1642-1648) |
| 1644 |
Qing Dynasty |
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911); China isolated, opium trade rises |
| 1644 |
Descartes#Principia Philosophiae |
Descartes's Principia Philosophiae |
| 1644 |
John Milton#Areopagitica Text |
John Milton's Aeropagitica |
| 1647 |
Hevelius#Selenographia? |
Hevelius's Selenographia, Names prominent lunar mountains and valleys (still in use) |
| 1651 |
Riccioli#Almagestrum Novum? |
Giovanni Battista Riccioli's Almagestrum Novum names lunar craters after scientists and philosophers |
| 1665 |
Isaac Newton#Develops Calculus? |
Newton makes early scientific discoveries and develops calculus (1665-66) |
| 1667 |
John Milton |
John Milton's Paradise Lost (1667) |
| 1676 |
Microbes Discovered |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek of Delft sites animalcules with microscope |
| 1677 |
Microbes Discovered |
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) invents microscope, views animacules in tooth plaque, sperm cells. |
| 1678 |
Simon#Critique? |
Simon's Critical History of the Old Testament pioneers textual criticism of the Bible |
| 1687 |
Isaac Newton#Principia? |
Newton's Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis |
| 1710 |
Berkeley |
Berkeley, George, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, (1710) |
| 1710 |
Berkeley#Principles |
Berkeley's Principles of Human Knowledge |
| 1724 |
Immanuel Kant |
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) |
| 1735 |
Linnaeus#System? |
Linnaeus's System Naturae |
| 1738 |
Methodist Revival? |
Wesley begins Methodist revival in England |
| 1748 |
Hume#Enquiry? |
Hume's Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding |
| 1751 |
Benjamin Franklin#Electricity? |
Franklin's Experiments and Observations on Electricity |
| 1760 |
Animal Breeding Formalized |
Robert Bakewell? outlines foundation principles of Purebred Animal Breeding. |
| 1771 |
Swedenborg#True Christian Religion? |
Swedenborg's True Christian Religion |
| 1774 |
Unitarian Church Founded |
The first Unitarian church in England was founded in London in 1774 by Theophilus Lindsey? (1723-1808) |
| 1776 |
Declaration Of Independence? |
Jefferson et al draft Declaration of Independence |
| 1776 |
Gibbon#Roman Empire? |
Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |
| 1779 |
Hume#Natural Religion? |
Hume's Dialogue Concerning Natural Religion |
| 1780 |
Artificial Insemination |
Italian Priest Lazzaro Spallanzani? develops artificial Insemination using Dogs. |
| 1781 |
Kants Critique Of Pure Reason |
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason |
| 1781 |
Herschel#Discovers Uranus? |
Herschel discovers Uranus, first new planet since antiquity |
| 1784 |
Herder#Ideas? |
Herder's Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind |
| 1785 |
Human Artificial Insemination |
Human Artificial Insemination |
| 1788 |
Immanuel Kant#Practical Reason |
Kant's Critique of Practical Reason |
| 1789 |
Lavoisier#Chemistry? |
Lavoisier's Elementary Treatise on Chemistry |
| 1789 |
French Revolution? |
French Revolution (1789- ) |
| 1789 |
Bentham#Morality? |
Bentham's Principles of Morality and Legislation |
| 1790 |
Goethe |
Goethe publishes Metamorphoses of Plants advancing the doctrine that all parts of the flower are modified leaves |
| 1790 |
Immanuel Kant#Judgment |
Kant's Critique of Judgment |
| 1793 |
Age Of Reason Published |
Thomas Paine's Age of Reason Published |
| 1793 |
Godwins Political Justice |
William Godwin's Enquiry Concerning Political Justice |
| 1793 |
Blake#Heaven And Hell? |
Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell |
| 1795 |
Condorcets Progress Of Human Mind |
Nicolas Condorcet's Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (1795) |
| 1795 |
Hutton#Earth? |
Hutton's Theory of the Earth |
| 1796 |
Laplace#Exposition? |
Laplace's Exposition du Systeme du Monde |
| 1798 |
Malthus Essay On Population |
Thomas Malthus: An Essay on the Principle of Population |
| 1799 |
Rosetta Stone Discovered |
Rosetta Stone Discovered, allowing deciphering of Egyption hieroglyphs in 1822 |
| 1799 |
Napolean#Consul? |
Napolean becomes first consul in France |
| 1800 |
Schelling#Idealism? |
Shelling's System of Transcendental Idealism |
| 1801 |
First Western Upanishad Translation |
Upanishads Translated into French and Latin, first Western translation |
| 1801 |
Asteroid Ceres Discovered? |
G. Piazzi, an Italian Monk discovers the first know asteroid, Ceres |
| 1802 |
Paleys Natural Theology |
William Paley Publishes Natural Theology |
| 1803 |
Daltons Atomic Theory |
Atoms and Molecules theorized by John Dalton |
| 1807 |
Hegel#Mind? |
Hegel's Phenomenology of Mind |
| 1807 |
Wordsworth#Ode? |
Wordsworth's Ode: Imitations of Immortality |
| 1809 |
Lamarcks Philosophie Zoologique |
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck publishes Philosophie Zoologique including a full-fledged theory of evolution. |
| 1819 |
Schopenhauer#World? |
Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Idea |
| 1820 |
Shelley#Prometheus Unbound? |
Shelley's Prometheus Unbound |
| 1822 |
Fourier#Heat? |
Fourier's The Analytical Theory of Heat |
| 1824 |
Gauss#Non Euclidean Geometry? |
Gauss postulates non-Euclidean geometry |
| 1827 |
Female Egg Discovered |
Human Female Egg Discovered by Karl Ernst von Baer |
| 1830 |
Lyells Principles Of Geology |
Charles Lyell publishes Principles of Geology, Challenging creationism |
| 1830 |
Book Of Mormon? |
Joseph Smith? publishes the first Book Of Mormon?, founding The Church Of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints?. |
| 1831 |
Faraday#Induction? |
Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction |
| 1833 |
Cell Nucleus Discovered |
Cell Nucleus Discovered by Robert Brown? as an Opaque Spot in Orchid Epidermis |
| 1833 |
Charles Darwin#On Beagle |
Darwin starts 5-year voyage on Beagle |
| 1834 |
Carlyles#Sartor Resartus? |
Carlyle's Sartor Resartus |
| 1835 |
Behistun Inscription Copied |
Behistun Inscription Copied from Cliff |
| 1835 |
Strauss#Life Of Jesus? |
Strauss's Life of Jesus Critically Examined |
| 1835 |
Babbage#Machine? |
Babbage formulates idea of digital computing machine |
| 1836 |
Fermentation Attributed To Micro Organisms |
Theodor Schwann attributes fermentation to microorganisms. |
| 1836 |
Emerson#Nature? |
Emerson's Nature initiates Transcendentalism |
| 1839 |
Cell Theory |
Unified Cell Theory stated by Schleiden and Schwann |
| 1839 |
Nineveh Library Excavated |
Nineveh palace excavated, providing ancient cuneiform tablets including Epic Of Gilgamesh |
| 1839 |
Opium War |
Opium War (1839-1842); China defeated in their attempt to stop Anglo opium imports |
| 1841 |
Feuerbach#Christianity? |
Feuerbach's The Essence of Christianity |
| 1842 |
Treaty Of Nanjing |
Treaty of Nanjing: British rule of Hong Kong humiliates China |
| 1844 |
Bessel#Motion Of Sirius? |
German Astronomer F.W. Bessell discovered movement of Sirius possibly due to dark companion. |
| 1848 |
Karl Marx#Communist Manifesto? |
Marx and Engel's Communist Manifesto |
| 1848 |
Europe Revolutions? |
Revolutions erupt throughout Europe |
| 1850 |
Clausius#Entropy? |
Clausius formulates concept of entropy, second law of thermodynamics |
| 1851 |
Behistun Inscription Persian Decoded |
The Persian Cuneiform Inscription at Behistun Published |
| 1858 |
Charles Darwin#Natural Selection |
Darwin and Wallace propose theory of natural selection |
| 1859 |
Charles Darwin |
Charles Darwin publishes Origin of the Species |
| 1859 |
Charles Darwin#Origin Of Species |
Darwin's Origin of Species |
| 1861 |
American Civil War? |
American Civil War (1861-1865) |
| 1865 |
Mendels Proposal |
Mendel proposes theory of genetic inheritance |
| 1865 |
Pasteurs Germ Disease Theory |
Louis Pasteur? develops the germ theory of Disease; disinfectants become popular |
| 1866 |
Haeckel#Organisms? |
Haeckel's General Morphology of Organisms |
| 1869 |
Discovery Of DNA |
DNA First Discovered by Friedrich Miescher |
| 1871 |
Charles Darwin#Descent Of Man |
Darwin's Descent of Man |
| 1873 |
Maxwell#Wave Equations? |
Maxwell's Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism |
| 1875 |
Blavatsky#Theosophics? |
Blavatsky founds Theosophical Society |
| 1877 |
Peirce On Pragmatism? |
Peirce publishes first articles on pragmatism |
| 1879 |
Chromosomes Discovered |
Chromosomes Discovered by Walter Flemming |
| 1879 |
Edison#Lightbulb? |
Edison invents electric carbon-filament light |
| 1882 |
Bacteria Isolated |
Robert Koch Isolates bacteria as cause of human disease |
| 1883 |
Dilthey#Human Sciences? |
Dilthey's Introduction to Human Sciences |
| 1883 |
Nietzsches#Zarathustra? |
Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra |
| 1887 |
Michelson Morley |
Detecting the Aether Wind: the Michelson-Morley Experiment |
| 1888 |
Chromosome Defined |
Word "Chromosome" first used to describe structures in cell nucleus |
| 1890 |
William James#Psychology? |
William James's Principles of Psychology |
| 1892 |
Fingerprints Utilized |
Fingerprints first utilized as means to distinguish individuals |
| 1892 |
Viruses Described |
Viruses described by Dmitri Isoifovich Ivanovski |
| 1893 |
Bradley#Reality? |
Bradley's Appearance and Reality |
| 1894 |
Tolstoy#Kingdom Of God? |
Tolstoy's The Kingdom of God is Within You |
| 1894 |
Hertz#Mechanics? |
Hertz's Principles of Mechanics |
| 1896 |
Radioactivity? |
Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity in uranium |
| 1897 |
Electron Discovered |
Thomson discovers the electron, the first sub-atomic particle |
| 1897 |
William James#Will To Believe? |
James's The Will to Believe |
| 1897 |
Electron Discovered |
The electron discovered by Thompson, the first sub-atomic particle |
| 1899 |
George Edward Moore |
George Edward Moore (1873-1958): The Nature of Judgment (1899) and The Refutation of Idealism (1903) |
| 1900 |
Boxer Uprising |
The Boxer Uprising: Anti-Christian societies burn missionary facilities and kill Chinese Christians |
| 1900 |
Kodak Brownie Camera |
Kodak launches simple-to-use Brownie camera. |
| 1900 |
Sigmund Freud#Dreams? |
Freud's The Interpretations of Dreams |
| 1900 |
Max Planck#Quantum Physics? |
Planck initiates quantum physics |
| 1900 |
Husserl#Logic? |
Husserl's Logical Investigations initiates phenomenology |
| 1900 |
Mendels Proposal#Genetics Rediscovered |
Rediscovery of Mendelian Genetics originally proposed in 1865 |
| 1902 |
Protein Structure Suggested |
Proteins shown to be strings of amino acids |
| 1902 |
William James#Varieties? |
William James's The Varieties of Religious Experience |
| 1903 |
Moore#Ethics? |
Moore's Refutation of Idealism and Principia Ethica |
| 1903 |
Wright Brothers Flight? |
Wright Brothers make first powered airplane flight |
| 1904 |
Offset Printing Developed |
Offset Printing Developed by Ira Rubel |
| 1905 |
Albert Einstein#First Papers? |
Einstein's papers on special relativity, photoelectric effect, and Brownian Motion |
| 1905 |
Sigmund Freud#Sexuality? |
Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality |
| 1905 |
Weber#Protestant Ethic? |
Weber's The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism |
| 1907 |
Isolated Cells Cultured |
Culture of cells separate from the organism established |
| 1907 |
William James#Pragmatism? |
William James's Pragmatism |
| 1907 |
Suzuki#Buddhism? |
Suzuki's Outline of Mahayana Buddhism introduces Buddhism to the West |
| 1909 |
Habers Ammonia Fertilizer |
Fritz Haber develops a method of synthesizing ammonia, allowing production of nitrogen fertilizer |
| 1910 |
Russell#Mathematica? |
Whitehead and Russell's Principia Mathematica |
| 1911 |
Chinese Revolution |
The Chinese Republican Revolution of 1911 |
| 1911 |
Atom Nucleus Discovered? |
Nucleus of the atom identified by Ernest Rutherford |
| 1912 |
Xray Diffraction Invented |
X-Ray Crystallography Invented. |
| 1912 |
Carl Jung#Unconscious? |
Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious breaks from Freud |
| 1912 |
Wegener#Drift Theory? |
Wegener proposes theory of continental drift |
| 1913 |
First Genetic Map |
Alfred Henry Sturtevant? (1891-1970) Creates First Genetic Map of Drosophila Fly |
| 1913 |
Royce#Christianity? |
Royce's The Problem with Christianity |
| 1913 |
Mass Production? |
Ford begins mass production of the automobile |
| 1914 |
World War I |
World War I (1914-1918) "The Great War" |
| 1915 |
Role Of Chromosomes Determined |
Thomas Hunt Morgan determines Role of Chromosomes in Heredity, in The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity |
| 1916 |
Albert Einstein#Relativity? |
Einstein's general theory of relativity |
| 1917 |
Russian Revolution? |
Russian Revolution |
| 1921 |
Bertrand Russell#Analysis Of Mind? |
Russell's The Analysis of Mind |
| 1923 |
Sigmund Freud#Ego And Id? |
Freud's The Ego and the Id |
| 1923 |
Pavlovs Dog? |
Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes |
| 1924 |
Piagets Child? |
Piaget's Judgment and Reasoning of the Child |
| 1925 |
Deweys Nature? |
Dewey's Experience and Nature |
| 1925 |
Whiteheads Science? |
Whitehead's Science and the Modern World |
| 1926 |
Schrodingers Equation? |
Schrodinger develops wave equation underlying quantum mechanics |
| 1927 |
Heisenberg#Uncertainty? |
Heisenberg formulates principle of uncertainty |
| 1927 |
Bohrs Complementarity? |
Bohr formulates principle of complementarity |
| 1927 |
Big Bang Theory? |
Lemaitre proposes Big-Bang theory |
| 1928 |
Genetic Transformation Discovered |
Genetic Transformation Discovered when genetic material is transferred from heat-killed bacteria to live bacteria. |
| 1928 |
Jungs Spiritual Problem |
Jung's The Spiritual Problem of Modern Man |
| 1928 |
Penicillin Discovered |
Penicillin, First clinically useful antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming? |
| 1929 |
Whitehead#Reality? |
Whitehead's Process and Reality |
| 1929 |
Vienna Circle Manifesto? |
Vienna Circle manifesto: Scientific Conception of the World |
| 1930 |
Bultmanns Faith? |
Bultmann's The Historicity of Man and Faith |
| 1931 |
GodelsTheorem |
Godel's Theorem proves undecidability of propositions in formalized mathematical systems |
| 1932 |
Electron Microscope |
Primitive Electron Microscope Built |
| 1932 |
Neutron Discovered |
Neutron Discovered as part of the atomic nucleus in addition to the proton. |
| 1933 |
Hilter In Power? |
Hitler comes to power in Germany |
| 1934 |
Popper#Science? |
Popper's Logic of Scientific Discovery |
| 1934 |
Carl Jung#Archetypes? |
Jung's Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious |
| 1936 |
John Maynard Keynes General Theory |
Keynes: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money |
| 1937 |
Turings Machine? |
Turing's On Computable Numbers |
| 1938 |
First Photocopy |
Chester Carlson duplicates the first photocopy image. |
| 1938 |
Nuclear Fission Discovered |
Discovery of nuclear fission |
| 1939 |
World War II |
World War II, Holocaust (1939-1945) |
| 1940 |
Collingwood#Metaphysics? |
Collingwood's Essay on Metaphysics |
| 1941 |
Anthrax Bomb Developed |
US develops Anthrax Bomb |
| 1941 |
Niebuhr#The Nature And Destiny Of Man? |
Niebuhr's The Nature and Destiny of Man |
| 1943 |
Satre#Being And Nothingness? |
Satre's Being and Nothingness |
| 1945 |
Atomic Bombs Dropped |
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| 1945 |
Gospel Of Thomas From Nag Hammadi |
Gospel of Thomas found at Nag Hammadi Egypt |
| 1945 |
UnitedNations |
United Nations founded |
| 1946 |
Bacterial Mating Demonstrated |
Transfer of DNA by Bacterial Mating demonstrated |
| 1946 |
Television Broadcasting? |
Rise of television broadcasting |
| 1947 |
First UFOSighting |
First UFO Sighting by Kenneth Arnold over Cascade Mountains |
| 1948 |
Transistor Invented |
Transistor Invented by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley; Opened computer age |
| 1949 |
Peoples Republic Of China |
People's Republic of China established with the victory of the Communists. |
| 1950 |
VelikovskysWorldsInCollision |
Bogus Theory to explain biblical events by comet hitting Earth in 1500 BCE |
| 1951 |
Tillich#Theology? |
Tillich's Systematic Theology |
| 1951 |
Quines Empiricism? |
Quine's Two Dogmas of Empiricism |
| 1952 |
Carl Jung#Answer To Job? |
Jung's Answer to Job, Synchronicity |
| 1953 |
DNAStructure Discovered |
DNA Structure Described by Watson and Crick |
| 1953 |
Wittgenstein#Philosophy? |
Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations |
| 1953 |
Heidegger#Metaphysics? |
Heidegger's Introduction to Metaphysics |
| 1953 |
Skinners Behavior? |
Skinner's Science and Human Behavior |
| 1954 |
Huxleys Perception? |
Huxley's Doors of Perception |
| 1954 |
Rahner#Theology? |
Rahner's Theological Investigations |
| 1955 |
Chardin |
Pierre Teillhard de Chardin's ThePhenomenonOfMan |
| 1956 |
Trans Atlantic Cable |
Trans Atlantic Cable Laid. |
| 1957 |
Test Tube DNAProduced |
Arthur Kornberg? (1918- ) of the U.S. produced DNA in a test tube. |
| 1957 |
SputnikLaunched |
Sputnik satellite launched |
| 1959 |
Snows Two Cultures? |
Snow's Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution |
| 1960 |
Gadamer#Truth And Method? |
Gadamer's Truth and Method |
| 1960 |
Civil Rights Movement? |
Rise of civil rights movement, student movement, feminism, environmentalism, counterculture (1960-1972) |
| 1961 |
FirstMannedSpaceFlights |
First Manned Space flights |
| 1962 |
Kuhn#Scientific Revolutions? |
Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions |
| 1962 |
Popper#Conjectures? |
Popper's Conjectures and Refutations |
| 1962 |
Wikipedia:Second_Vatican_Council |
Second Vatican council begins, continuing through 1965, modernizing the Catholic Church |
| 1963 |
Lorenz Develops Chaos Theory |
Meteorologist Lorenz publishes first paper on chaos theory |
| 1963 |
Protein Sequencing Procedure |
F. Sanger (1918- ) of Britain developed sequencing procedure for proteins. |
| 1966 |
Altizers Radical Theology |
Altizer and Hamilton's Radical Theology and the Death of God |
| 1966 |
Genetic Code Determined |
The Genetic code was discovered |
| 1968 |
Ehrlichs Polulation Bomb |
Ehrlich's The Population Bomb suggested huge losses due to starvation in the 1980's |
| 1968 |
Lakatos Criticism |
Lakatos's Criticism and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes |
| 1968 |
Von Bertalanffys Systems |
Ludwig von Bertalanffy's General System Theory |
| 1969 |
Lovelocks Gaia Hypothesis |
Lovelock proposes Gaia hypothesis |
| 1969 |
Moon Landing |
First Manned Journey to the Moon, July 16, 1969 |
| 1970 |
Microprocessor Developed |
First Microprocessor Developed. |
| 1971 |
Mariner9 |
Mariner 9 orbits Mars for a full year taking 7,200 pictures |
| 1972 |
Meadows Limits Of Growth |
Dennis Meadows's The Limits of Growth predicts human population limitation by 2100 |
| 1972 |
Recombinant DNA |
Recombinant DNA constructed at Stanford University |
| 1973 |
Fuzzy Logic Invented |
Fuzzy Logic described by Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh, UC Berkeley |
| 1976 |
Emergence Of PCs |
Founding of Microsoft and Apple Computer mark emergence of Personal Computers |
| 1977 |
Voyager Mission |
Voyager Mission (1977-1989) visited Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune and continue into interstellar region. |
| 1978 |
Peoples Temple Mass Suicide |
Peoples Temple Mass Suicide |
| 1979 |
Mobile Cell Phone |
Mobile Cellular Phone Launched |
| 1980 |
Polymerase Chain Reaction Invented |
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Invented, revolutionizing molecular biology |
| 1980 |
BioTechnology |
Development of Biotechnology |
| 1984 |
First DNAFingerprint |
Alec Jeffreys develops first DNA "Fingerprint" using RFLP |
| 1985 |
GorbachevAndPerestroika |
Gorbachev initiates perestroika in Soviet Union |
| 1986 |
DNAForensic Evidence |
Forensic DNA Analysis first used in UK immigration case (1986) |
| 1989 |
CollapseOfCommunism |
End of the cold war, collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe |
| 1991 |
Iraq War Desert Storm |
Persian Gulf War of 1991, AKA "Desert Storm" |
| 1993 |
First DNADeath Row Exoneration |
First exoneration of wrongfully convicted death-row inmate: Kirk Bloodsworth |
| 1995 |
OJSimpson Trial |
Trial of O.J. Simpson exposes DNA analysis to TV viewers worldwide. |
| 1997 |
Sheep Cloned |
Dolly the Sheep cloning raises Human Cloning Possibility |
| 1998 |
Human Stem Cells Cultured |
Isolated stem cells from human embryos and grew the cells in the laboratory |
| 2000 |
Human Genome Draft |
Human Genome Project (1990-2003) announce working draft of entire genome sequence in June 2000 |
| 2001 |
World Trade Center Attack |
Attack and destruction of World Trade Center towers in New York City |
| 2004 |
Test Event |
Test Event for the sake of demonstration |
Chronology
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